Development of Control and Confidentiality for Database...

Early research efforts in the area of access control and confidentiality for DBMSs focused on the development of two different classes of models, based on the unrestricted access control policy and on the mandatory access control policy. This early research was transmitting in the framework of relational database systems. The relational data model, being a declarative and high-level model for specifying the logical structure of data, made the development of simple declarative languages for specifying access control policies. These earlier models and the unrestricted models in particular, introduced some important principles that set apart access control models for database systems from access control models adopted by operating systems†¦show more content†¦Also, the initial format of familiar commands for grant and revoke of authorizations that are today part of the SQL standard. Next research proposals have extended this basic model with a variety of features, such as nega tive authorization, role-based and task based authorization temporal authorization, and context-aware authorization. This weakness makes unrestricted access controls vulnerable to malicious attacks, such as Trojan horses embedded in application programs. A Trojan horse is a program with an apparent or actually very useful function, which contains some hidden functions exploiting the genuine authorizations of the invoking process. Sophisticated Trojan horses may leak information by means of covert channels, enabling unauthorized access to data. A covert channel is a component or feature of the system that is misused to encode or represent information for illegal transmission, without breaching the stated access control policy. A large variety of components or features can be misused to create covert channels, including the system clock, operating system inter process communication primitives, error messages, the existence of specific file names, the concurrency control mechanism, an d so on. The area of compulsory access control and multilevel database systems tried to address such problems through the development of access control models based on information classification, some of which were also incorporated in commercial products. Early compulsoryShow MoreRelatedIn Today’S Technologically Advanced Society, Data Is An1682 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s technologically advanced society, data is an extremely valuable resource that is used daily by individuals and large corporations. Data is stored within databases to allow the process of retrieving and supervising data simplistic and efficient. 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The First Six Lessons And William Shakespeare s As You...

Theatre stage conventions are used to heighten and convey a story’s narrative in the Greek, Medieval and Elizabethan Eras of theatre. Each era built on the foundations of Greek theatre staging, through all of this are a perspective of modern Theatre was born. In order to understand a play, one must detail the conventions associated with the production. One must ask themselves if the play a presentational or representational piece? In this paper, I will be comparing staging conventions through Antigone, Acting: The First Six Lessons and William Shakespeare s As You Like It. Antigone is a battle between opposition, while As You Like It is a tongue and cheek melodrama. Acting: The First six Lessons stands out for its depiction of parental nurturing and teaching. It is a play devoted to the theme of teaching rather than it is characters or spectacle. Its conventions follow suite in this ambition. First off, important to note that the functions of theatre conventions set the rule s and parameters of the world the actors happen to embody. In Acting : The First Six Lessons, Actor who is known as Teacher in this scene in introducing the Actress who is portraying the creature. Creature. Oh, sorry†¦ (to the Audience) This is my daughter Emily...She even Said (8). Within the first moments of dialogue the similarities between Greek theatre are evident between the Creature and Teacher. They are speaking presentationally and we are led to believe that we are in a equal state with theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s English Literature Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare has been best known for his poems, plays and masterful piece of writings in the English language. He has been referred to as the England s national poet and the Bard of Avon. He produced over thirty eight plays, hundred fifty four sonnets, five poems, and more verses. 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College Sports Gambling Essay Example For Students

College Sports Gambling Essay With all of the controversy of gambling in college sports, why is the issuestill an issue? The answer is money. There were actions taken towards this byCongress, but the problem is that it was never completely abolished. Congresshad made the mistake of creating a way around it. It is now commonly referredto as the Las Vegas loophole. They outlawed the betting nationwide with theexception of one state, one state that is the capital of gambling, Nevada. Thishas caused few changes, with the exception of the ever-growing revenue that itgenerates. Another reason the legality still remains is one not frequentlymentioned, but the question of the ban being constitutional. But no matter whatthe law, is there realistically ever going to be silence or content?To trace the tracks to the start of mending this problem, we need to goback to 1992. This is the year that the Professional and Amateur SportsProtection Act took precedence. This law restricts gambling on amateur sportsin 46 states and ess entially leaves Nevada as the only state that can take betson those games. Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz) and Rep. Lindsay Graham (R-S.C.)are striving to get two separate bills passed, both of which are targeted atprohibiting gambling on amateur sports. The bills were introduced a year ago,and at the time, were heavily favored. The bills would legally put a stop tobetting on NCAA games, the oh-so-notorious March Madness (the NCAATournament), and wagering on all college sports for that matter. Las Vegascasino lobbyist have turned offensive. Who wouldnt, if there were possibilitiesof losing a $700 million cash cow, with approximately $70 million on MarchMadness?The money that is generated from sports betting both legal and not, ismuch too vast to be eradicated. Nevada is the tree trunk for which sportsgambling is derived. The casinos are complete with giant electronic boards thatoffer information on daily events ranging from odds to player injuries. This is thebasis of most sports wagering . Nevada generates $2.3 billion a year on legalsports betting , where as, betting on college sports revenue in Nevada accountsfor $650 million of the amount. This is far from the issue though. If betting oncollege sports in Nevada is made illegal, I find the impact to be very smallconsidering that illegal sports gambling has been estimated at $80 billion to$380 billion a year. At the least, 40 times the legal revenue generated seemsvery minute. In addition, studies have shown that for every dollar bet on sportsin Vegas, $100 is bet with bookies and on the Internet. Rep. Jim Gibbons(R-Nev.), says that there is nothing backing up that legal gambling in Nevada isin any way responsible for the illegal sports wagering that plagues our nationscollege campuses. Rep. Shelley Berkley (D-Nev.), said that no problems wouldbe solved by eliminating legal bets any more than suggesting that outlawingaspirin would stop the sale of illegal drugs. A poll done by Gallop from March18-20 (between the fi rst two weekends of this years NCAA tournament) foundthat Americans were divided on issue. The poll stated that 49% believe thatcollege sports gambling should be illegal and 47% believe that it should not. Strikingly, college basketball fans are stuck on 48% on both stand-points. The possibility of abolishing gambling on college sports is not very likelynor does it hold much hope of bettering the problem. If the betting was banned,theres no possibility of it just disappearing. The figures and dollar amounts ofillegal gambling are much too high now, and it is still legal. What happens whenCongress puts this law into effect and everyone ignores it? It surely does notsay much about our society and its morals. Howard Shaffer, director of theDivision on Addictions at Harvard Medical School, said If we pass legislationthat we cannot enforce, it will undermine authority in general and young peopledont need any more laws that nobody respects. Shaffer added, If itsunenforceable, they will co me to see other legislation as unenforceable and thenwell have problems where we dont necessarily have them today. People of allkinds are in agreeance that the impact of this law would hardly be worth theeffort. John Shelk, vice president of the American Gaming Association, alsostated Its not like Congress is going to pass a law that bans legal gambling,and students across the country will say, Oh my God, I cant gamble anymorebecause its illegal.Sen. McCain, co-author of last years Senate bill,had countered his opinion to ESPN.com by saying, I dont think we have tochoose between enforcing existing laws on illegal gambling and closing theloophole on legal gambling. McCain added, we can do both. McCain andothers claim that eliminating legalized gambling in Nevada would be anessential first step on stopping the college sports gambling. Critics disagree. They believe that the attempt to chip away at illegal sports gambling isnt alogical first step, at all. The fact of the college sports gambling, is that there is too muchpublicity, popularity, and money surrounding this particular gambling sport. In the beginning there was a problem with popularity. From 1951-1974, therewas a 10% excise tax levied by the Federal Government on the amount of sportswagers. The tax made the business unprofitable since the profit margin was generally 5% or less before the tax.In 1974, Congress was persuaded by theNevada congressional delegation. From this persuasion, Congress ended upcutting the tax from 10% to 2%.From there, the boom took off. It took a littletime but the pay off was great. Wagers on professional and college sports weretotaling $1.3 billion by 1988. After the new wave had taken off, professional sports teams and the NCAA became concerned. One outspoken supporter wasBill Bradley, a former basketball star and Democratic Senator from New Jersey. Sir Gawain And The Green Knight: Test Of One Knigh EssayThe National Association of Basketball Coaches, Official Athletic Sitebelieves that the NCAA has many problems that it needs to address and correctbefore jumping the gun to Congress. Marc Isenbergs article on the site statedthat, The NCAA cannot even begin to educate athletes and other students-oreven congress-until it does the following:1.) demand that CBS cut its ties with CBS.Sportsline.com and Las Vegas SportsConsultants, which are a major part of the infrastructure of gambling on collegesports2.) prohibit corporate partners from using bracket promotions or contestsconnected to the outcome of games3.) refuse to credential media outlets who publish lines and accept ads from toutservices4.) fund a gambling education program on college campuses that addresses theproblem of gambling, not just shaving. Can the NCAA tear itself away from its Show me the money outlook to conductsuch a campaign? The answer is No. The truth remains, that nobodyespecially not the NCAA wants to go back to the unpopular, no money-makingways of the past. There is an undeniable problem with betting in college sports, mainlywhen it comes to students.This is the NCAAs major concern, but namely, pointshaving. In general, point shaving is done by players that intentionally missshots to change the outcome of the game.The NCAA has a very justifiablereason for the abolishment in terms of this actual concern. Over the past view years, there have been many cases in which athletesgot involved in the negative aspects of gambling. This would often times resultin owing bookies so much that they would get sucked into the point shavingproblem. One student made his mark when he got involved with his roommate,who was also a popular bookie that was being investigated by officials. The student was Teddy Dupay, a basketball player for the University of FloridaGators. Dupay had shared winnings with his friend Kresten Lagerman, 23, aftergiving him inside information about whether the Gators could cover pointspreads. Florida had also endured a 2000-2001 sea son filled with injuries. There were also many instances of injured players returning much sooner thanexpected. Following this discovery, Dupay was dismissed from the team. Another student, a running back at the Northwestern University had become theschools rushing leader. He had become involved in gambling so in-depth thathe fumbled the football at the goal line to ensure his $400 wager on the pointspread of his own game. These are the instances that are worthy of theabolishing desire. Still, the fact remains that these examples and 99% of sportsgambling is done illegally or under the table. The truth of the matter is that, this is another back-and-forth issue (likeabortion) that will never have silence nor contentment. There are seriousproblems with players and the ethics of the game, but no matter what, a ban onsports gambling will never solve one-single problem. The fact remains that 99%of all sports gambling is done illegally. Since it is currently legal, is there anytruth to solving the problem by abolishing it? College sports gambling is truly notthe real issue. There are too many other factors at play. When it comes to theplayers getting involved, I believe that they are able to make their own decisions. If they have difficulty doing that, there must be somewhat of a different issue-Ethics. Apparently, the NCAA should concentrate more on its players thanNevada. With the problem of these players, it doesnt leave much meaning tothe idea may the best man win. BibliographyBarlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele, Throwing the Game, Time,(September 25, 2000)Gillespie, Mark, Americans Split on Whether Gambling on College SportsShould Be Banned, The Gallup Organization,(April 1, 2002)Isenberg, Marc, Gambling on College Sports: The NCAAs Solution is Partof the Problem, National Association of Basketball Coaches, Official AthleticCite,(April 25, 2002)Jansen, Bart, Big name coaches support ban on amateur sports gambling, The Detroit News,(April 25, 2002)Pells, Eddie, Complaint: Dupay received money for sharing info, Slam!Basketball,(September 14,2001)Rovell, Darren, Congree could trump Vegas on college book, ESPN,(March 15, 2002)Sauve, Valerie, Issues Committee holds discussion on illegal sports wagering inNCAA, The Daily Beacon, (March5, 2002)Words/ Pages : 2,369 / 24

Sustainability of Trade Relationship Between EU and China

Globalisation has opened up channels for different countries to join hands in a bid to strengthen their business ties. China is one of such countries.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Sustainability of Trade Relationship Between EU and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Upon joining world trade organisation (WTO), China became the EU’s largest trading partner in goods and fourth trading partner in terms of services. Although frustration in the bilateral trade relationship emanates from both sides, China may end up being the biggest loser should the trade relationship become sour. For instance, China is inclined to the perception that Europe does not appreciate trading relationships that are of mutual benefit to both parties (Razeen, 2007, p.57). However, there is a need to recognise the impact of external influences to a country’s policies like those of China that has been frustrated by recurr ent calls made by Europe for China to put in place trading protective measures. This condition calls for the need to put in place Europe encounters enormous challenges while attempting to access the Chinese market. This argument is evidenced by the fact that, in spite of the impressive rise of 82 percent in European imports from China from 2002 to 2006 (Gill Murphy, 2008, p. 13), exports to China have not risen significantly within the same period (European Commission, 2006, p.13). For EU, the most difficult challenges in fostering bilateral trade relationships with China arises because Europe encounters the most substantive market accessibility problems in regions where the Europe products and services are competitive in China.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In overall, 8 percent of Chinese FDI is accounted for by Europe (Hufbauer et al., 2006, p.23). The EU has the pe rception that this figure is far below its potential. Topic of the proposed research Bearing in mind the bilateral trade difficulties and frustrations from both EU and China as set out in the section on the discussion of the title of the proposed research, the topic of this dissertation is put as ‘Sustainability of Bilateral Trade Relationships between EU and China.’ Objectives and aims of the proposed research The main aim of this research is to examine the bilateral trade relationships between China and EU through a discussion of the various challenges that had been encountered since when EU and China stated to collaborate in various economic relationships. This attempt helps to unveil various policies that may exist for both China and EU to enhance economic growth of each other. Therefore, the proposed research will be instrumental in establishing the policies that may enhance more harmonious integration of China and EU in trading relationships in a manner that will ensure that the persisting frictions and frustrations are eliminated. To achieve the above mission, the proposed research has the following objectives: To establish the challenges and the problems faced by the bilateral trade agreements between China and EU. To introspect the various agreements arrived by both China and EU during convections held to resolve the bilateral trade relationship stalemates. To determine the party that fails to honour the agreements, to what extent it does it, and or how the reasons for dishonouring the agreements can be resolved to foster harmonious bilateral trade between EU and China through enactment of appropriate public policies binding the two. Importance of the proposed research China and EU are substantial economic hubs in the world.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Sustainability of Trade Relationship Between EU and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A part from havin g a large consumption market, China has also emerged in the recent past as a major producer of various products and services that have reached a global market. Indeed, due to production cost competitiveness, many firms in the US and Europe have resorted to contract manufacturing by outsourcing manufacturing tenders to companies located in China and other Asian based manufacturing firms (Bilzi et al., 2011, p.4). In this extent, the proposed research is noteworthy since it gives a proposal for policies of resolving trade conflicts between EU and China. This attempt is pivotal in helping to contract firms located in China to have confidence in the trade relationships between EU and their home nation. This means that a contract manufacturing company located in China will have no fear of breach of contract. Breach of contracts has the implications of making the aggrieved party go through the tedious process of seeking legal litigations. Another importance of the proposed research is tha t it will help to unveil motivators of the dialogue between the EU and China. These motivations are essential in the sense that trade relations between the two are fuelled and bound by them. Without a certain positive anticipated benefit for engagement in trading treaties, it is unnecessary for a nation to engage in any trading relationship of whatsoever kind (Messerlin Razeen, 2007, p.225). Additionally, proposals of mechanisms to resolve various areas of conflicts in the trade relationships between EU and China need to be done based on the policies for them to produce long terms impacts on resolution of various issues that attract frictions and frustrations from both ends of the trade relationships.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The liberalisation of trade and its consequent repercussions will demand an analysis to be conducted with a particular focus on China coupled with Europe’s public policies. The claim holds because the two form large pools of consumption markets besides massive producers. This effort is perhaps well exemplified by the launch of the European Union’s and China’s PCA negotiations (DG Trade, 2007, p.13), which reflect a hefty intention of the two trade parties to deepen and or broaden their trade relationships. However, despite the fact that heavy investment in bilateral trade relationships between China and EU create myriads of opportunities, the relationship has also created some dominant challenges. How sustainable then is the EU-China trade relationship? Evaluation of the sustainability of the trade relationships with China is vital since it helps to explain the likely direction to be assumed by the trading dealings between EU and China. Without evaluation of the sustainability of the trade relations between the two, it is impossible to establish policies of enhancing harmonious bilateral trade relationships given the economic capabilities of both European Union and China. When this economic capability is well harnessed, it is possible for both the nations forming the European Union and China to attain high levels of economic growth. Summary and outline of the proposed research topic In 1975, People’s Republic of China established relations with European Union. Both parties agreed on the banning EU arms in China (Razeen, 2007, p.33). These relations were principally governed by the agreement that was later signed by EU and China, which are referred to as ‘EU- China trade and collaboration covenant.’ Arguably, this was a crucial twist since, soon after the cold war, China never focused on trade relations with Europe in the same threshold as it did with the US and Asian powers like Japan (Ikenson, 2007, p.228). Nevertheles s, as economic interest coupled with multi-polar interests begun to rise, China became interested in enhancing trade relationships with EU. Due to politically instigated problems, challenges arose between the EU and China. This situation made China view EU as being too weak due to the US involvement in pressuring trade restriction of EU such as arms embargo to remain in force. There were also protectionist measures put in place to ensure that exports of China to Europe were controlled. Additionally, EU objected the according of a market economy market status to China for it to be eligible in WTO. The above challenges make it clear that China approached its trade cooperation with the EU in a multifaceted dimension. This argument prompts the necessity for a scholarly inquiry into the direction assumed by China and EU trade relationships thus forming the main goal of the proposed research. Description of Chapters in the Proposed Research The proposed research will comprise four main ch apters. Chapter 1 will encompass the introduction, which combines the purpose of study, research methods, research questions, objectives and aims, and discussion of an overall composition of the research. In chapter 2, effort will be made to scrutinise theory of regional trade integration especially trade integrations from the perspectives of export and import treaties coupled with the implications of the treaties to parties forming the bilateral trade relationships. The third chapter will be dedicated to applications of the developed theory to EU and China trade relationships. Here, the departure of alignment of the EU-China trade relationship from the theoretical constructs will be analysed, and possible solutions to the stalemates indentified. Lastly, the forth chapter covers the conclusions. The key findings and recommendations are presented also in this last chapter. Literature review The immensely growing economy of China attracts the focus of the European leaders. Consequentl y, in the recent past, the leaders have solicited for easing the isolation of China from forming trade treaties with EU. The repercussion for this was making China a favourable destination of visitors of European ancestry. Businesspersons and women from China also make trips to EU nations frequently. This interaction culminated into high trade exchange levels between China and Europe in 1990’s. For bilateral trade relationships to thrive, it is crucial to have a balance of imports and exports to and from the parties engaged in the trade relationship. Unfortunately, this seems not the case for China and EU. This argument is significant by considering the argument, â€Å"Europe’s trade deficit with China has increased rapidly in the last years rising from roughly 50 billion EUR in 2001 to around 170 billion EUR in 2006, which is more than threefold increase† (Dreyer Erixon, 2008, p.2). This trade deficit creates tensions over the economic integration of the bilat eral trade between EU and China especially by noting that the main trading partner of China is Europe. Methods review To answer specific research questions calls for the deployment of appropriate research methods to garner data and analyse a problem. Any successful research is conducted in the context of established sets of policies or approaches that are acceptable within a specific discipline (Kothari, 2000, p.103). Such policies need to satisfy techniques, methods, and procedures for testing reliability and validity in the attempt to realise results that are both objective and unbiased (Kothari, 2000, p.107). Philosophies apply qualitative, quantitative, and or any other approach for research that is acceptable and or proved as being valid for a specific academic discipline. The choice of research methodology depends on the type of research being undertaken. Types of research include descriptive, correlation, exploratory, and explanatory (Kothari, 2000, p.104). This research is d escriptive in nature. Therefore, the chosen research methodology should help in systematic description of a situation, phenomenon, programme, and problem. It also needs to help in providing information on how challenges articulated with these aspects can be resolved.In this research paper, case study is chosen as the main method for conducting a descriptive research. Apart for the methodological drawback in the methodology applied to develop the GATT rules or policies, they are problematic to apply in practice since it is difficult, if possible, to come up with a means of measuring the heights of resorting trade barriers following the creation of a regional trade policy (Devuyst, 2002, p.17). Due to the above challenge in measuring the height of trade barriers, several empirical research scholars such as Abrenica (2007) have turned into measuring the impacts of regional integration from the contexts of trade volumes as opposed to trade barriers (p.13). The methodology applied is emp irical that is based on the actual recorded volumes of sales in the form of exports. The justification for this approach is that measuring effects of regional integration based on trade volumes is not only a simple and direct approach though it is also deeply justified in the economic theory (Winters, 2002, p.105). The relevance of evaluating the impacts of regional trade agreement based on trade volumes is essential in the analysis of the EU-China trade relationships because different nations engage in imports and exports to balance deficits and surpluses of products and services within their territories. Importation and exportation are normally conducted following certain trade policies in the quest to protect the intellectual property of the original creators of the products coupled with a need to protect the manufacturing and agricultural sectors among others that act as revenue generators. Unfortunately, trade measuring the degree of trading relationships and trade integration empirically based on trade volumes does not give an insight of how future trading relationships would twist. China continues to realise impressive growth rates. Geest and Razeen (2006) measured the economic growth rates of China following the formation of the trade policies between China and EU. The methodology entailed the empirical determination of the impacts of the EU-China trading relationship on the Chinese GDP. This empirical research reveals that economic imbalances exist between EU and China trading relationship (Geest Razeen, 2006, p.69). These imbalances give rise to challenges in the bilateral relationship between China and EU since the establishment of the EU-China regional trade agreement. Therefore, the Chinese products have been flocking more in the EU markets in relation to the EU products in the Chinese markets. According to this empirical research, even if Chinese economy is rapidly growing, it is still also dependent on exports to various nations in contrast to domestic consumption. This situation forces China to experience some problems in the foreign markets since â€Å"over investment in products, which have no outlet in the domestic markets, has led to import surges and dumping of Chinese products in the overseas markets† (Geest Razeen, 2006, p.69). The repercussion for this case is the emergence of trade frictions between China and the bilateral partners. In yet another empirical research on the how the Chinese products do in the EU markets, Alavi (2007) found that this situation has been the case for the trade relationships between China and EU (p.21). China is an emerging economy, which has shocked the whole world in terms of the pace of economic growth. In a study to determine the reception of China’s attempts to get into global markets, Ornelas (2006) finds out that China stands high chances of continuing to define the manner in which globalisation efforts unfold in the 21st century (p.201). For this reason, the rap id growth of the Chinese economy has the implications of resulting to a global feel of trade relations and agreements made with China by different nations and or regional areas of world trade such as the European Union (EU) (Ornelas, 2006, p.201). The methodology applied by Ornelas (2006) to arrive at the conclusion is based on the statistical analysis of Chinese exports versus import into the EU and other economic hubs such as the US. In the context of the topic under study in this research paper, this methodology is problematic in the sense that it relies on the past data to arrive at deductions considered appropriate in forecasting future anticipated twist of EU-China trading relationships. Unfortunately, as various frictions between China and other trading partners are resolved, it is likely that the past nature of EU-China relationships will take a differing twist. Messerlin (2009) investigates the direction taken by the EU-China trading relationships (p.135). The main method h e uses is to analyse the rulings of the cases where Chinese companies are often caught up in stalemates involving accusation of engagement in improper antidumping practices. The author studies more than 40 cases put forth by EU targeting Chinese companies through the anti dumping accusations. Deployment of case studies is an incredible methodology since it helps to bring realities into the research. Therefore, the recommendations stemming from the research findings are also based on real life situations. The results of the work Messerlin (2009) indicate that China felt that her companies were not treated fairly in the anti dumping investigation conducted by EU (p.135). This perception emanated from the involvement of Chinese companies in six anti dumping investigations in 2007. In fact, among six investigations, which ended with provisional duties imposition in 2007, Chinese organisations appeared in four of them (Messerlin, 2009, p.137). Surprisingly also, in the eight of such new investigations that truncated into advocating of penalties that were definite, Chinese companies took the lions’ share by being held responsible for five of the cases. The findings of the above research are crucial in providing insights into the difficulties that can be established in the trading relationships between nations engaged in trading treaties. However, there are substantial weaknesses of the findings in helping to determine, which party was not accommodative. They are pegged on the argument that does not provide information on whether the trade agreements between EU and China were to be conducted in the context of Chinese antidumping regulations, EU antidumping regulations, or under some agreed upon antidumping regulations developed as part of legal frameworks or policies governing the EU-China trade relationships. As such, the implications of trading relationships between two regions or nations under various circumstances, say EU and China, remain unclear and henc e questionable. In the light of the established gap in literature based on the implications of bilateral and multilateral trading relationships, Scott and Bergstrand (2004) attempt to seal it by studying the effects of regional trade agreements. They do so by conducting a qualitative research on a number of lessons learnt by different nations, which have engaged in regional trading relations where some members have perceived themselves as having the power to regulate trading relationships between two other parties in the multilateral trade relationships. A good example of such cases considered by Scott and Bergstrand is that of EU and China in which the US came in hardy to pressure EU not to abolish arms embargo on China (2004, p.49). This exposition shows that the economic strength and political participation of a third party nation may enhance trade relations between two parties. The results of Scott and Bergstrand’s study are significant in the process of developing an inf ormed stand on the effect of regional trading relationships. The work evidences that regional trade policies means both trade discrimination and liberalisation. Discriminatory trade liberalisation emerges as beneficial in case it ensures that resources are shifted from domestic suppliers who are inefficient to the producers who are more efficient operating within the region or when there is ‘trade creation’ (Scott Bergstrand, 2004, p.51). Creating commercial alliance is detrimental to harmonious trading relationships in the extent that it may lead to changing capital far away from peripheral suppliers who are effective to those who are ineffective within the trading zone. This case primarily occurs whenever there are trade diversions. Scott and Bergstrand’s study is significant in helping to unveil the trading relationships between two nations that are engaged in regional trade agreement policies. However, the reliability of the findings of the study is still ch allengeable. On one hand, the study is dependent on the qualitative research in drawing its inferences and deductions. Thus, it suffers from challenges associated with qualitative researches such as the determination of the extent to which the researcher had over the influence of research results coupled with reliability and validly issues in the case (Kok et al., 2005, p.317) of linguistic data (Ranjit, 2005, p.34). With the increased concerns and the need for global integration to promote the free flow of goods and services in the global villages, it sounds imperative to presume that no single nation can now exist as a single island. For the sake of protecting the intellectual property of nations, it infers that nations have to establish public policies that call for regional trading relationships because, in the formulations of the relationships, legal frameworks are spelt out to guide the rights of use of another nation’s technological products (Klaus, 2005, p.118). Schol ars need to set forth various strategies for mitigation of frictions that hinder harmonious bilateral, multilateral, and regional trading relationships between nations. Surprisingly, Scott and Bergstrand’s study gives none of these. The proposed research intends to seal this gap. Given the large production capacity of China and the size of consumption market for EU, Chaudhuri (2010) argues that China cannot hesitate to resolve various challenges that hinder her trade relationships with EU (p.12). Chaudhuri’s argument stems from reflecting on various challenges that EU-China trade relationship has been undergoing since its inception. The main methodology used by the Chaudhuri is the analysis of the implications of various convections that have been held by both the EU and China in the effort to resolve their trading relationship disputes. In his work, Chaudhuri (2010) infers that, if China is to give up on trade negotiations in the EU-China summits, it implies that Chin a has to resort to strengthening her economic and trade relationships with the US (p.12). However, the quest to ensure that China does not put all her eggs in a single basket acts as subtle motivator for the nation to continue perusing through mechanisms for easing her trade relationship challenges with the EU (Chaudhuri, 2010, p.12). The US is also likely to be a more threatening trading partner given its political and economic capability. Many of the researches conducted in the topic of regional trade policies are based on the analysis of secondary data garnered through research of the agreements reached during regional trading partners’ summits on trading cooperation. Critical analysis on the extent and possible frictions on the implementation of the cooperation policies is normally given incredible attention as discussed above. The focus of the myriads of researches on EU-China trading relations as the case for studying trade relations is carefully selected because EU pre sents an example of trading partner, which has gone through incredible process of economic growth while China exemplifies a trading partner, which is growing economically. This way, the challenges of conflicts of interest associated with perception of one party as having the ability to dominate and control the trading relationships in a regional trade agreement (RTA) comes out conspicuously. Although reliability and validity issues may emanate from such kind of research design and research methodology, secondary data is the only justifiable method of collecting data for the researches given the characteristics of the researches themselves: they are based on case study. Some research scholars contest that case studies are not appropriate for conducting such researches. However, a case study is appropriate to ensure that meaningful characteristics and holistic events that are real in life are retained among them being international relations, life cycles of individuals, changes in nei ghbourhood, and managerial processes while not negating organisational processes (Yin, 2005, p.2). Review of research findings Theory on regional trade relationships is dated back to the early 1950’s when Johnston argued in 1954 that, in case nations do not engage in trade policies, they would endeavour to tax trade in the attempt to ensure that they have exploited the international market within their reach (Giovanni, 2007, p.35). Due to these exploitations, equilibrium is established often truncating into a trade war between nations. International trade treaties act as tools for ensuring that such trade wars are mitigated. This line of thinking was further developed by the work of Bagwell and Staiger (2000) that extended the frame works in a situation where government subjected to various political pressures (p.226). They further found out that governments that are politically motivated also choose to participate in trade agreements to the extent that they are able to ensur e that their trade eternities are corrected (Bagwell Staiger, 2000, p.227). This argument suggests that the quest to gain political capability do not essentially act as the source of motivation in engagement in the trade agreements particularly with politically powerful nations (Mitra, 2002, p.480: Ornelas, 2005, p.1501) such as those in the European Union. This finding raises the query of the motivations for China to engage in trade relationships with the EU. The work Hanso (2012) provides a response to the above questions through discussion of various motivators for EU-China trade relationships. He argues that China has an interest in forming trade relationships with nations, which will have the ability to provide a solution to global problems including the repercussion of the global financial crunch that began in 2008-2009 (p.107). Since China has the advantage of low costs of production, it sounds imperative to deduce that it is possible for China to take incredible advantage o f this strength to capitalise on the European markets to place her goods and services through trade cooperation with EU. Being a nation of low production costs justifies why China is considered as an ample solution to the financial crisis (Chaudhuri, 2010, p.11). Amid the frictions in trade relationships between China and EU, it is then arguable that EU would not feel at ease to lose China as a financial partner. China presents a good trading partner to EU due to low production costs. This strategy makes many organisations operating in the EU to consider China as the preferred nation to contract some of their manufacturing operations. Review of concepts and theories By gaining almost equal economic competitive advantage, parties engaged in trading agreements often encounter some dominance problems. Jing (2008) reinforces this argument by providing an insight that economic cooperation makes it possible for both sides to work collectively to benefit materially though differences of va lue beliefs coupled with political regimes and calculation of relative gains in the cooperation establish challenges that are evidenced in the bilateral relations (p.33). This challenge is more significant by noting that Europe has been struggling to deal with repercussions of global financial crisis. The implication of this case is that the bargaining power of EU in relative to that of China in the EU-China trading relationship is severely weakened. Trade relationships between EU and China have been changing often prompting the convening of summits between the two trading partners to resolves various conflicts. This way, the EU is ready to welcome and learn the immense role that China is assuming in the global markets. Consequently, EU needs to take proactive strategies to ensure that it is not disadvantaged in the trading treaty between the two. However, this does not mean that consideration for termination of EU-China trading relationship is an option. The role played by China in the global markets makes several nations and regional trading partners to seek tradition cooperation with China. Therefore, it is not imperative for EU to lose the opportunity to seek trading integration with the emerging global economic giant. Apparently, the theory on regional trade treaties implies that regional agreements will not cease to exist in the near future (Giovanni, 2007, p.105). Indeed, almost half of the world trade takes place via regional trade agreement policies. These agreements could either be bilateral meaning that they are made between two nations, or multilateral (McMillan, 2004, p.34). The realisation of the impacts that trade agreements have on boosting the sales volumes of a nation’s products truncate into signing of a myriad of regional trade agreements across the globe. For example, following the global financial crunch, some 25 regional trade agreements were notified to WTO by October 2009 (Freund, 2010, p.123). This situation brought the total n umber of regional trade agreements to 300 by 2010 (Freund, 2010, p.123). Consequently, a question arises whether trade regionalisms act to impede the multilateral trading system (Bhagwati, 2008, p.102: Limao, 2006, p.897). This query equally disturbs research scholars such as Freund and Ornelas who further worry whether regional trade treaties need to be celebrated for, or should worry the international community (2010, p.145). The above scholarly questioning of the impacts of the regional treaties creates impressions that trade treaties or relationships between different nations of differing geographical regions may create problems or lead to economic endowment of both the parties coming into the trade relationships. The agreement may also serve to create wealth for only one nation forming the trading agreement. This happens to be the main concern of the EU and China in the EU-china trade cooperation. In this line of view, the Dreyer and Erixon (2008) work argues that Europe impose s protectionist pressures to China (p.4). The authors further claim that in the trading relationship between the two, Europe has always blamed China for failing to honour antidumping procedures applicable in Europe. Following the above accusations, in 2008, numerous China exports anti dumping cases were opened. The cases concerned various goods originating from China including steel and candles (Dreyer Erixon, 2008, p.4). Regional integration treaties have welfare consequences coupled with distributional and transfer implications among the nations involved in the agreements. These effects influence the political stability of the nations subscribing to particular regional trade agreement. Transfers take place between trade bloc members since removing tariffs implies that exports stands better chances of being highly priced in the market of the partnering nations (Alavi, 2007, p.14) and hence the condition of positive transfer. Net tariffs on imports amplify negative transfers. Indee d, trade is an essential propeller of economic wealth of nations. Economically endowed nations also have more political powers and the ability to control trade between it and the partnering nations. This advantage is reserved for the nation that exports more than it imports from the nation it has collaborated with in the RTA. This case is the concern that has characterised the trade relationships between China and EU particularly with the rising production capacity of China. Research Design and Methods The proposed research will rely heavily on the large scholarly body of knowledge that exists on the hindrances of regional trade agreements. To evaluate these impacts, the method adopted in the research paper will include the use of case studies, quantitative, and purely qualitative researches. One of earliest qualitative studies into the discipline of regional integration agreements is postulated by GATT regional integration rules (Bagwell Staiger, 2005, p.471). These rules suggest that trade barriers with the other nations of the world should not be escalated after the adoption of regional integration treaties. This means that regional integration should not act to create impediments to the multilateral trading relationships between nations forming the regional trade treaties with other nations that are excluded from the treaty. The deductions made from the GATT rules, which are based on qualitative research pose a methodological drawback in their capacity to reflect the actual manner in which trading relationship should operate to be harmonious among the states engaged in trading relationships because qualitative researches are inductive approaches of research methodologies applied in theory development (Kok et al., 2005, p.315). They must therefore be tested through quantitative models (Podsakoff, 2004, p.13). Reference List Abrenica, V. (2007). Developing Trade Barrier Index: ASEAN Restrictiveness Index in Business Services (RIBS). Emerging Trade Issues fo r Developing Countries in Asia-Pacific Region, 10(3), 11-16. Alavi, R. (2007). 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Looking East: Europe’s new trade negotiations in Asia. Brussels: European Centre for International Political Economy. Scott, B., Bergstrand, J. (2004). Economic Determinants of Free Trade Agreements. Journal of International Economics, 64 (11), 29-63. Winters, A. (2002). The Welfare and Policy Implications of the International Trade Consequences of 1992. American Economic Review, 82(4), 104-108. Yin, K. (2005). Case study research: Design and methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. This proposal on Sustainability of Trade Relationship Between EU and China was written and submitted by user Leonel Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.